By Joseph Morales

The area surrounding Queens Borough Hall in the Kew Gardens area of Queens has a high activity density and is bustling with vehicular and pedestrian traffic daily. The community is home to multiple important borough offices, such as Queens Borough Hall and Queens County Criminal Court. In addition a school known as Archbishop Malloy High School, with about 1,560 students is located in the area. The community is served by the E and F trains at both the Kew Gardens-Union Tpke and Briarwood stations, the LIRR at the Kew Gardens station, and a plethora of bus routes that traverse Queens. Major roadways such as the Van Wyck Expressway(I-678), the Grand Central Pkwy, the Jackie Robinson Pkwy, and Queens Blvd also pass through the area, making the community easily accessible by car from throughout Queens and the New York Metropolitan Region. As many of the areas surrounding Kew Gardens lack subway access and have high car ownership rates, many people might choose to drive to one of the subway/commuter rail stations and park their vehicles, and more might do it in the future upon the implementation of congestion pricing below 60th street in Manhattan.

                  As you might expect, just like in other areas of the city, parking is likely hard to come by due to the area’s connection to major vehicular thoroughfares and key destinations. As congestion tends to be high on both the Queens Blvd service road as well as local residential streets, cars searching for parking likely contribute to this congestion, contributing to slow travel speeds for both those in search of parking as well as through traffic.

                  Hence, to help ease parking issues in the community, the NYCDOT recently constructed a new municipal parking garage at 80-25 126th St, located on 126th St between the Grand Central Pkwy eastbound service road and 82nd Ave near Queens Blvd.  The garage offers 600 total spaces, including, 30 ADA-accessible spaces and 40 Bicycle spaces. The ADA-accessible spaces will be especially critical for those who need it considering that it likely is already difficult to find parking near major destinations in the community and the garage is near the ADA-accessible Kew Gardens-Union Tpke(E,F) station. The bicycle spaces will help those who choose to cycle to the area and take advantage of nearby cycling infrastructure such as the protected bike lanes on Queens Blvd and the expansive networks of bike trails in the nearby Forest and Flushing Meadows Parks respectively.

                  The garage also includes 34 electric vehicle(EV) charging spaces, with 3 of them offering DC Fast chargers that allow EV owners to charge battery-electric vehicles(BEV) from empty to 80% in 20 minutes to an hour, which makes them among the fastest EV chargers out there. While the also common Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEV) generally do not work with DC Fast chargers and the rest of the chargers in the garage will be the EV standard, most EV owners charge their vehicles at home, and thus they will likely not rely on the parking garage for their regular charging regimens. However, the Level 2 charging stations that can charge from empty to 80 percent in BEVs in 4-10 hours and PHEV’s for 1-2 hours respectively, can still be useful to help give EV motorists the opportunity to give their vehicles and extra boost if needed for a specific situation or for charging when the motorist is parking for a long period of time for purposes such as a long outing, work or to commute somewhere else with the subway or LIRR.

                     In addition to making parking available for all, the parking spaces will have an impact in the community beyond parking and even motorists as a whole. As less cars will likely be circling the neighborhood for parking, the will mean less congestion for other road users, which should speed up travel times for users of local roads. This is especially important given the high rates of congestion surrounding streets near Queens Borough Hall at most hours of the day including primarily residential ones, according to Google Maps’ traffic forecast. As a significant amount of area residents own vehicles and many parts of Queens and nearby Nassau County are hard to get to by mass transit, less congestion on residential streets will make it much easier for residents to make trips by personal vehicle. Less congestion on busy streets such as Queens Blvd and Kew Gardens Rd also benefit small businesses that benefit from their customers being able to pull up close to them, rather than those spots being taken for long periods for time by those going to the nearby offices or even subway stations who might not return for many hours upon parking.

               While that parking garage itself will likely serve as an uncontroversial solution to a common transportation issue in reference to parking, the garage was built as part of a bigger, non-transportation based project that is anything but. The parking garage was the first step as part of a project to build a new 886-bed jail at the site of what is currently the shuttered Queens Detention Complex as well as the east side of the former surface parking lot. It is worth noting that there will also be a smaller, underground 305-space parking lot for jail staff, so all of the parking in the recently finished garage will be for public use. Hence, the only way that the project’s ability to mitigate parking demand can be diminished is if a high number of people visiting inmates daily take up a disproportionate amount of spots. 

                  According to New York City Department of Corrections data from July-September 2012 when there were about 10,000 inmates on Rikers Island on a given day and there were about 1,700 total visitors on a given day. This would mean that 17% of inmates had visitors assuming each inmate that had a visitor each day only had one. However, assuming inmates in the new facility receive visitors at a similar rate and 46% of those visitors have cars that would mean that about 69 spaces out of the 600 in the garage would be of those visiting inmates. I used 46% for this estimate as 46% of NYC households have a car, and an inmate could have visitors from anywhere in the city. Since the NYCDOC currently operates buses from two central NYC sites to Rikers Island for those intending to visit inmates with plans to expand, it is likely that many if not most visiting the Island live in locations throughout the City of New York. While Rikers Island is known for its remote location, the bridge to the Island is easily accessible by car via the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway(I-278) and Grand Central Pkwy. Thus, visiting inmates by car likely will not be significantly impacted in most cases by those visits occurring at the new Queens Jail.

                   The jail is part of a controversial plan to replace the notoriously troubled Rikers Island with borough-based jails in each of the five boroughs. Despite the plan for the jail in Queens being rejected by Queens Community Board 9 on the grounds that the jails should not be located in residential areas, the city still plans to move forward. 

                   The city states that all of the new borough-based jails will serve as “civic assets for all New Yorkers” and “must relate to the city it is in and create a sense of place for the citizens it serves,” according to its website regarding the plan to close Rikers.  In the case of the Queens jail, the plan includes constructing a two-floor community space with multiple verdant outdoor terraces attached to the parking garage. Given New York’s bail reform laws passed in 2020, leading to many people awaiting trial for misdemeanor and even some felony offenses will likely not be waiting in jail for their trials even with the recent changes to the law made by NY Gov. Kathy Hochul and most individuals in the borough-based jails will likely be those accused of violent offenses, those facing charges in multiple incidents or serving short sentences and thus residents and area visitors may be skeptical of the immediate surroundings of the jail becoming such a public and even inviting area. 

                  As of now, a lot more New Yorkers live, work, and go to school near correctional facilities than you would imagine. A study done by the Independent Commission on New York City Criminal Justice and Incarceration Reform in May 2019 showed that there are 11 detention facilities in New York City outside of the eight already on Rikers Island, and those facilities have a combined 158,000 people living within a 5-minute walk of the facilities and 430,000 people living within a 10-minute walk of them. The study found not only that property values and crime rates were not adversely impacted by the correctional centers, property values in certain areas, such as Downtown Brooklyn, increased, including a 55% increase in a five-minute walking distance from the Brooklyn Detention Complex(BKDC) since it was reopened in 2012. The BKDC has since been closed in 2020 and will be the site of Brooklyn’s new borough-based jail.

                   While this was not stated in the studies, many of the facilities are located in growing communities such as the South Bronx, Long Island City, Downtown Brooklyn and Sunset Park/Industry City. There are a plethora of examples of major developments near the detention centers such as the Industry City arts hub near the MDC Brooklyn(Brooklyn’s federal prison) and the recently renovated office complex known as the Falchi Building in Long Island City near the state-operated Queensboro Correctional Facility. In the South Bronx, the Horizon Juvenile Center which houses some of the highest risk juvenile delinquents and offenders in the city is located directly across the street from the South Bronx Educational Campus which includes two high schools. A new elementary school, PS. 487X is also being constructed adjacent to the South Bronx Campus and is slated to open for the 2024-25 school year. Thus, while many community members are likely skeptical of the current spatial arrangements near the new Queens jail; there is a chance that people will greatly benefit from the community spaces and perception of the space may change in the future given the outcomes of development around correctional facilities in other boroughs.

                  As the parking lot portion of the project has been completed and demolition of the former Queens Detention Complex is set for this summer, this project will likely spur many discussions on how jails and the areas around them can be a part of our communities and may impact how development is perceived around correctional facilities. 

Works Cited

“Frequently Asked Questions.” Archbishop Molloy High School, https://www.molloyhs.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=747416&type=d&pREC_ID=1157328. Accessed 18 July 2023.

New York City Department of City Planning-Transportation. “Car Ownership in NYC.” Tableau, 24 November 2022, https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/dcptransportation/viz/ACSProfiles/Dashboard1. Accessed 18 July 2023.

New York City Department of Transportation. “NYC DOT – Municipal Parking Facilities.” NYC.gov, 2023, https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/motorist/parkinglist.shtml#queens. Accessed 18 July 2023.

Google Maps. “Google Maps-Traffic.” Google, https://www.google.com/maps/@40.7137044,-73.8311183,16z/data=!5m1!1e1?entry=ttu. Accessed 18 July 2023.

New York City Department of Corrections, et al. COMMUNITY BOARD 9 LAND USE COMMITTEE, 12 April 2021, https://rikers.cityofnewyork.us/wp-content/uploads/20210325_QNCB9-_Presentation_Updated_04_12_2021.pdf. Accessed 18 July 2023.

New York City Department of Corrections. “NYC DOC at a GLANCE.” NYC.gov, 2012, https://www.nyc.gov/html/doc/downloads/pdf/doc_at_a_glance.pdf. Accessed 18 July 2023.

New York City Department of Corrections. “Visitor Transportation.” NYC.gov, 2023, https://www.nyc.gov/site/doc/inmate-info/visitor-transportation.page. Accessed 18 July 2023.

Kaplan, Dana. “COMMUNITY BOARD NO. 9.” Forest Hills Post, 14 May 2019, https://foresthillspost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2019/05/CB9-Resolution-Opposing-Borough-Based-Jails-Letterhead.pdf. Accessed 18 July 2023.

City of New York. “NYC Borough-Based Jails – Rikers.” Closing Rikers Island, 2023, https://rikers.cityofnewyork.us/nyc-borough-based-jails/. Accessed 18 July 2023.

Reisman, Nick. “Once again, New York’s bail law is set to change.” Spectrum News, 28 April 2023, https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/ny-state-of-politics/2023/04/28/once-again–new-york-s-bail-law-is-set-to-change. Accessed 18 July 2023.

Independent Commission on New York City Criminal Justice and Incarceration Reform. “More Just NYC – Jail Impact Study.” Squarespace, May 2019, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b6de4731aef1de914f43628/t/5cf7bd74342c7a0001525284/1559739765822/NYC+Detention+Facilities+Analysis+%28May+2019%29-Final.pdf. Accessed 18 July 2023.

Brendlen, Kirstyn. “City, contractors get ready to begin demolition at Brooklyn Detention Complex • Brooklyn Paper.” Brooklyn Paper, 21 February 2022, https://www.brooklynpaper.com/prepare-demolition-at-brooklyn-jail/. Accessed 18 July 2023.

“The Falchi Building – 31-00 47th Avenue in Sunnyside, Long Island City, NY.” VTS Marketplace, 2023, https://marketplace.vts.com/building/the-falchi-building-long-island-city-ny. Accessed 18 July 2023.

New York City Administration for Children’s Services. “ACS – Secure Detention.” NYC.gov, 2023, https://www.nyc.gov/site/acs/justice/secure-detention.page. Accessed 18 July 2023.

“Bronx Four Story School Milestone.” Forte Construction Corp, 18 April 2022, https://www.fortecc.com/post/ps-487-milestone. Accessed 18 July 2023.

By Joseph Morales

The Lambert Houses is a large affordable housing development with several hundred units in the West Farms section of The Bronx just blocks from the Bronx Zoo. The development is owned and operated by Phipps Houses, New York City’s largest and oldest nonprofit developer, with developments across the Bronx, Manhattan, Queens, and Brooklyn. Phipps also operates a social services affiliate, Phipps Neighborhoods, which facilitates youth, community, and economic development in the South Bronx. The Lambert Houses are also located adjacent to the West Farms Sq-E Tremont Av(2,5) and E 180th St subway station, as well as near the Bx9, Bx21, Bx36, and Bx40/42 buses, providing residents with ample access to communities across the Bronx, Queens, and Manhattan via public transit. The complex is also a short walk from the E 180th St(2,5) station, where the rush hour 5 express trains stop, allowing for even faster commute times to and from the South Bronx and Manhattan.

                         The development was constructed between 1970 and 1973, so the Lambert Houses have been a staple in the West Farms Community for about 50 years. However, given the development’s age, it’s been known for many issues that adversely affect one’s quality of life, including, according to a description by the Bronx Times, “outdated structural and mechanical systems, poorly designed open space within a superblock layout, and security issues created by a maze-like series of buildings, many interconnected by narrow hallways, with 14 separate addresses.” 

                         Thus, Phipps Houses is currently working on a 15-year, $600 million redevelopment of the complex to replace all of the buildings in the Lambert Houses complex with larger and more modern buildings to make for a better housing complex for residents. The number of affordable homes in the Lambert Houses will increase by nearly 1,000 to 1,665, and current Lambert Houses residents will be relocated to new buildings as well as throughout the development as the construction process continues. 728 of the units will be reserved for households that qualify for Section 8 rent assistance, while the rest will be available for those at various levels of the area median income(AMI). The first phase was already completed in August 2019 with an 18-story, 163-unit building at East 180th St between Boston Rd and Vyse Avenue at 988 E 180th St. The building includes 113 units reserved at the time by previous Lambert Houses residents and another 49 for other low-income households selected by the Housing Connect lottery. According to an NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development(HPD) press release, this building was financed through the HPD and the NYC Housing Development Corporation(HDC)’s ELLA program for extremely low-income households in addition to the  Mandatory Housing Inclusion program so that the homes will be permanently affordable to residents.

                       Now, Phipps Houses is working on the second phase of the project, which includes the construction of a 16-story, 321-unit residential building on Boston Rd between E 179th and E 180th Sts at 2080 Boston Rd with 279 units for current Lambert Houses residents and 42 units for those who have recently homeless. The building will include several amenities such as a gym, children’s room, bike room, and more. The first phase of the project, along with this phase, is, being designed by Dattner Architects, who have designed several notable Bronx buildings such as the Bronx Library Center on Kingsbridge Rd, the state-of-the-art research building known as the Manne Institute at the Bronx High School of Science and the Second Farms residential building just blocks from the Lambert Houses. Monadnock Construction, Inc, which has been operating for 48 years and considers affordable housing “a cornerstone of our work” according to its company profile, was responsible for building phase 1 and will also be responsible for building phase 2 of the project.

                        In addition to providing better homes for residents, the project aims to better integrate the development into the streetscape and make the environment as a whole better for both residents and visitors. This will occur through the inclusion of new retail and community facilities. However, it has yet to be specified as to when, how, or where in the redevelopment most of this will take place. The only non-residential facility that space has been allotted for the construction of is a space for the School Construction Authority(SCA) to build a school should the need come to fruition.

                   Streetscape improvements will help to improve mobility around the neighborhood, not only for residents but for anyone who traverses the area. This is because it would help people feel safer and increase the neighborhood’s economic vitality should new retail facilities attract customers. In addition, the improvements would help area businesses to take better advantage of the benefits of being close to a mass transit hub and a major cultural institution in the Bronx Zoo. Additionally, if more people feel safe and comfortable walking in the community, they may be more inclined to visit the Bronx Zoo using mass transit. This might lead to increased zoo patronage and less congestion since the zoo is visited by people from across the city and region. 

                     This project has the potential to not only be an incredibly critical social infrastructure project, but it has the opportunity to be a model to other cities around America as to how to construct affordable transit-oriented development that people from a diverse range of incomes can benefit from. Transit-oriented development is a form of development that is centered around public transport and can consist of residences, businesses, and other destinations that can all be accessed within walking distance of each other. Affordable transit and commodities are critical for residents of New York City and especially The Bronx, where there is a poverty rate of 26.4%, according to U.S Census figures. In addition, since many Bronxites and other lower-income New Yorkers work blue-collar jobs with inflexible and odd hours, having transit and basic needs within walking distance of home is critical to ensure that these New Yorkers can access necessities and mobility given their busy schedule. 

                     While other locations in New York offer convenient access to a subway or bus line or even both, most locations are not accessible by multiple lines, express subway services as well as multiple bus routes that traverse different parts of the city, including a limited stop and select bus service route. The select bus service route available in West Farms is unlike other routes as the  Q44-SBS travels well into Queens from The Bronx, providing residents with access to another borough in which one other bus route travels to and from The Bronx. That route, the Q50-LTD, travels to Queens from the Eastern Bronx and would likely not be a practical commuting option for West Farms residents. 

                   The premium transportation access offered near the Lambert Houses compared to similarly affordable neighborhoods is not only premium, but it is also almost unheard of as a lot of housing offered near subway stations featuring even one line is often higher than rents in other places. According to SpatilityBlog, median rents decrease between 9-15% in all boroughs when one lives at least a 10-minute walk from a subway station. It is important to consider data for all boroughs, as when one is looking for affordable housing, the process is often selective. This is because often, there are thousands of applications for affordable units at any given location, making affordable housing difficult to obtain regardless of transit access in the area. When looking up options to apply for any affordable housing lotteries on the NYC Housing Connect website, I found that only 38 rental properties were available to apply to, with 11 in The Bronx, 18 in Brooklyn, 3 in Manhattan, 6 in Queens and none in Staten Island as of June 30th, 2023.  Competition in reference to purchasing an apartment is also typically stiffer in Real Estate for apartments closer to the subway. Thus, it would not be surprising if it was even more challenging to find affordable housing in these areas. 

                     Many(but not all) NYCHA(New York City Housing Authority) developments are located in close proximity to subway stations across the five boroughs. However, not only are they also difficult to get into with the Coalition For The Homeless saying on their website, “…it is impossible to predict how long an applicant might be on the waiting list before being reached for an apartment offer,” but they are notorious for poor living conditions such as leaking issues, dilapidated heating systems, mold, unreliable elevators and countless other issues throughout residences.

                     The only thing that some residents might dislike that will be different in the new development, with the exception of taller buildings, will be that there will be 265 fewer parking spots in the new development than there are currently. As 36% of residents in the PUMA(Public Use Microdata Area) in which the development is located have a car, and new residents may be entering from throughout the borough and the city, they may have a variety of mobility needs and thus parking may be hard to come by, particularly with the new and existing businesses, schools and the Bronx Zoo leading to a high demand for parking in the area. Despite the plethora of transit access in the community, many might still use private vehicles to get to places inaccessible by transit, such as much of New York’s suburbs, to run errands or to transport younger children and older people, among other purposes. The complex is also located in close proximity to several major roadways, such as the Bronx River Pkwy, Cross Bronx Expwy, and Sheridan Blvd, which provide ample access to many regional destinations via automobile. However, both current NYC Mayor Eric Adams and former mayor Bill De Blasio’s affordable housing plans “Get Stuff Built” and “Housing New York: A Five-Borough, Ten-Year Plan,” respectively, both call for reductions of stringent parking requirements that increase construction costs and often go unused, particularly in areas with convenient transit access. Hence, it will be interesting to see what happens to the new parking spaces and whether this will lead to parking issues as the construction of the development continues. 

                    The Lambert Houses redevelopment is one of multiple significant affordable housing developments that have or will take place in the West Farms area. The Second Farms Building, also known as 1932 Bryant, is a 15-story, 319-unit affordable housing building located on a large land parcel directly between Bryant Ave, E Tremont Ave, and Boston Rd. The building also includes a Pioneer Supermarket and shared co-working space for tenants, which can be useful during the era of working from home. 50% of the housing units are for neighborhood residents, while 5% are reserved for those with mobility disabilities and municipal employees, respectively, and 2% are for the visually impaired. While it is good that housing is reserved for those with mobility disabilities as many apartment buildings are without elevators in NYC, unfortunately, the West Farms Sq-E Tremont Av station is not ADA-accessible, and there is no immediate plan to make it accessible as part of the MTA’s 2020-24 capital plan. However, these residents are still a short 10-minute bus ride away from the ADA-accessible E 180th St station, which is one subway stop away via the Bx40/42 or Bx21 buses, which still provides them with more convenient access to an ADA-accessible subway station than many locations. There is also storage in the building for up to 160 bicycles, making it convenient bike storage for anyone who wants to take advantage of the numerous bike trails in the area, such as the nearby Bronx Park, Crotona Park, and Starlight Park, which provide connections to other communities throughout The Bronx. The building also includes outdoor recreation spaces for the enjoyment of residents. Several other developments with over ten stories, 100 affordable housing units, and resident amenities similar to the others mentioned have also opened in the area in recent years, such as 1923 West Farms Rd and 913 E Tremont Avenue. 

                        The West Farms neighborhood has come a long way since affordable housing developments began to be built in droves throughout the community. As an indicator, these Google Street View images show the neighborhood as seen from the Cross Bronx Expwy in August 2016 compared to March 2022. When comparing the images, you can see several notable structures such as P.S 6X The West Farms School, a portion of the 1010 E 178th St NYCHA Development, and even the elevated subway line above Boston Rd where the 2 and 5 trains run are no longer visible. As the neighborhood population increases in density due to the influx of affordable development, the neighborhood can become an example where residents can enjoy convenient access to transit, quality residential amenities, and the benefits of a walkable community at an affordable price. It may even be possible that more developments like the Lambert Houses and the other developments in the West Farms community can be the key to solving New York’s housing crisis.

Works Cited

“Phipps Houses closes on 2nd phase of Lambert Houses redevelopment – Bronx Times.” Bronx Times, 12 January 2022, https://www.bxtimes.com/lambert-houses-redevelopment/. Accessed 1 July 2023.

“Properties | Phipps.” Phipps NY, 2023, https://www.phippsny.org/properties/. Accessed 1 July 2023.

“Donations | Phipps.” Phipps NY, 2023, https://www.phippsny.org/donations/. Accessed 1 July 2023.

New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development. “First Phase of Lambert Houses Ribbon Cutting | City of New York.” NYC.gov, 22 November 2019, https://www.nyc.gov/site/hpd/news/103-19/the-city-joins-phipps-houses-celebrate-completion-the-first-phase-lambert-houses#/0. Accessed 1 July 2023.

“Projects — Dattner Architects.” Dattner Architects, 2023, https://www.dattner.com/projects/. Accessed 1 July 2023.

“Company Profile – Monadnock.” Monadnock Construction, 2023, https://moncon.com/company-profile/. Accessed 1 July 2023.

United States Census Bureau. “Bronx County, New York.” Census Bureau, 2022, https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bronxcountynewyork/PST045222. Accessed 1 July 2023. 

Stringer, Scott, and NYC Comptroller’s Office-Bureau of Policy and Research. “Beyond Rush Hour: COVID-19 and The Future of Public Transit.” nyc.gov, October 2021, https://comptroller.nyc.gov/wp-content/uploads/documents/Beyond-Rush-Hour.pdf. Accessed 1 July 2023.

“What is TOD?” Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, 2023, https://www.itdp.org/library/standards-and-guides/tod3-0/what-is-tod/. Accessed 1 July 2023.

Owner. “Saving on Rent in NYC: How to Save Money by Living Just 10 minutes away from the Subway?” Spatiality Blog, 22 June 2023, https://spatialityblog.com/save-money-living-10-minutes-away-from-subway/. Accessed 1 July 2023.

NYC Housing Connect, 2023, https://housingconnect.nyc.gov/PublicWeb/. Accessed 1 July 2023.

“Getting Placed in Public Housing and Section 8.” Coalition For The Homeless, https://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/get-help/im-in-need-of-housing-old/public-housingsection-8/getting-placed-in-public-housing-and-section-8/. Accessed 1 July 2023.

Zaveri, Mihir. “As Thousands Fall Behind on Rent, Public Housing Faces ‘Disaster.’” The New York Times, 23 January 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/23/nyregion/rent-crisis-public-housing.html. Accessed 1 July 2023.

New York City Department of City Planning. “Car Ownership in NYC.” Tableau, 24 November 2022, https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/dcptransportation/viz/ACSProfiles/Dashboard1. Accessed 1 July 2023.

Torres, Maria. “Get Stuff Built.” NYC.gov, 8 December 2022, https://www.nyc.gov/assets/home/downloads/pdf/press-releases/2022/GetStuffBuilt.pdf. Accessed 1 July 2023.

Blasio, Bill De, and Alicia Glen. “Housing New York: A Five-Borough, Ten-Year Plan.” NYC.gov, May 2014, https://www.nyc.gov/assets/buildings/pdf/housing_plan.pdf. Accessed 1 July 2023.

“Second Farms — Dattner Architects.” Dattner Architects, 2023, https://www.dattner.com/projects/view/second-farms/. Accessed 1 July 2023.

Metropolitan Transportation Authority. “Capital Plan 2020-24.” MTA, Q1 2023, http://web.mta.info/capitaldashboard/CPDPlan.html?PLN=8&AGY=a. Accessed 1 July 2023.